{"id":13583,"date":"2026-07-10T09:55:56","date_gmt":"2026-07-10T07:55:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/?post_type=articles&p=13583"},"modified":"2026-07-20T09:51:55","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T07:51:55","slug":"history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/","title":{"rendered":"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

Criticism against Luxembourg peaked when the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) evaluation in 2010 placed the Grand-Duchy\u2019s anti-money laundering infrastructure on the gray list and when the LuxLeaks scandal broke out in 2014. Both events shifted the way authorities considered the protection of the financial place, from fostering secrecy to valuing respectability. The staff dedicated to financial surveillance and intelligence was increased drastically, and an entire economic and financial department was created within the prosecution services in 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historians, however, get triggered when phenomena are presented as brand new. During my three-month participation in the DIGSHELL project<\/a> as a visiting student from the Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon and future PhD at Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, my goal was to prospect the history of the fight against financial crime in Luxembourg, answering two simple questions: does this history exist and can it be written?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nFrom financial surveillance to judicial investigations: the research object<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

States have two types of institutions that combat financial offenses1<\/a><\/sup>. First, administrative surveillance: the major institution in this regard is the Luxembourg Financial Sector Supervisory Commission (successivelyCommissaire au contr\u00f4le des banques-CCB, Institut mon\u00e9taire luxembourgeois<\/em>-IML and CSSF) that controls the banking sector. Although its sanctions are mostly confidential, its archives are extensive and accessible (under authorization)2<\/a><\/sup> . The institution, in collaboration with the C\u00b2DH, has started writing its own chronology of financial control in Luxembourg3<\/a><\/sup>. Second, judicial investigations that work with the police and the financial intelligence unit. Their history remains unwritten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To offer a comprehensive history of the fight against financial crime, historians have to investigate these different institutions and how they interact. They also have to step out of a purely institutional and legal approach to understand who the actors of such institutions were, how their practices have evolved and why.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nOral history and CSSF archives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Judicial and police archives are not easily accessible in Luxembourg. This is why I resorted to oral history. Actors of the fight against financial offenses in Luxembourg are particularly eager for research participation. I met four prosecutors that specialized in financial crime and visited the specialized prosecution department. I interviewed the lead-delegate of the Grand-Duchy to the FATF, two CSSF officials and a journalist specializing in financial crime. Such interviews enabled me to consider the evolutions of their work during the span of a career. Comparing their accounts to press articles, official reports of their action and to evaluations issued by the FATF4<\/a><\/sup> or the French National Assembly5<\/a><\/sup> in 2000 has proven fruitful. To stretch the chronology even further into the 1970s and 1980s, the archives of the CSSF are key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nFrom 1973 to nowadays: an overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The idea of a financial prosecution section in Luxembourg emerged in 1973. It was suggested by the deputy prosecutor Penning, after spending several weeks within the CBB. In previous years, magistrates and police officers had also visited their Belgian counterparts who were already specialized in economic offences6<\/a><\/sup>. Certain Luxembourgish juges d\u2019instruction<\/em> like Gaston Diederich7<\/a><\/sup> had already led meticulous financial investigations in the early 1970s. The idea of an economic section was also a response to the law on investment funds and the IOS liquidation. The financial prosecution section in Luxembourg was finally enforced in 19808<\/a><\/sup>. However, its staff was limited compared to the CCB that counted 45 agents in 19809<\/a><\/sup>. All through the 1980s and 1990s, one major obstacle for the financial magistrates was the legal framework of bank raids. French magistrates have recognized the willingness of their Luxembourgish counterparts to cooperate10<\/a><\/sup> but have also denounced the extreme slowness of the process. For example, investigations on a bank located in Luxembourg led by Frankfurt authorities and Luxembourgish judge Jean-Mathias Goerens11<\/a><\/sup> lasted at least three years in the 1980s. One interviewed prosecutor explained such delays in the 1980s and 1990s through the fact that all clients who were potentially targeted by a bank raid could successively appeal against the raid, hence systematically suspending investigations. Luxembourgish authorities also suspected foreign judicial cooperation requests as strategies to bypass Luxembourg\u2019s fiscal opacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With the creation of the FATF in 1989, focalization shifted globally on anti-money laundering. In 1990, Luxembourg police arrested Franklin Jurado who recycled drug money, was sentenced in 1992 and transferred to the United States for further prosecution12<\/a><\/sup>. Growing scandals backfired on the financial place, such as the BCCI case. The decade was marked by important foreign criticism and pressure on Luxembourg but led to little change. The first law to facilitate international cooperation was passed in 2000, enabling more efficient investigations. The fight against the financing of terrorism in the 2000s gave magistrates more leverage. For example, out of eighteen magistrates, six or seven were specialized in financial offences in the early 2000s The financial intelligence unit (CRF) also insisted on anti-money laundering. It was a small team of magistrates, led by prosecutor Carlos Zeyen (1998-2006) who had previously worked for a commercial law firm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This period corresponds to the beginning of the careers of most prosecutors currently specialized in financial crime and that played a central part in the elaboration of the new economic and financial department created in 2023-2024. Some of them were also part of Carlos Zeyen\u2019s team at the CRF. The difference between the financial prosecution section created in 1980 and the current economic and financial department is of scale and scope. Nowadays, 23 prosecutors and deputy prosecutors work on financial offences13<\/a><\/sup>, with the help of six professionals and scholars that are experts in economy, business law, and accountancy. The CRF is now composed of seventy agents. The growing number of press releases concerning the repression of financial crime in Luxembourg testifies of the densification of financial prosecutions. The scope has changed not only because of law evolution but also because of the transformation of financial crime itself. The most important offenses now concern scams, complexified by crypto-criminality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nWhy should this history be written? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The answers to my questions are falsely evident. Yes, there is a nearly six-decade-old history of the fight against financial offenses in Luxembourg, and yes, it can be written. But as a tax haven, Luxembourg also had its own definition of financial offenses, excluding tax evasion until the 2000s, and focalizing, in recent years, on the anti-money laundering policy. As such, the history of the fight against financial crime in Luxembourg would contribute to the ERC project by shedding light on how judicial and administrative repression shaped \u2013 or failed to shape \u2013 norms of financial practices in Luxembourg. The shaping of these norms seems, however, to have been kept secret for a long time. This may be linked to one persistent phenomenon of the fight against financial offences in Luxembourg: the inbalance between the means allocated to banking surveillance, efficient but confidential, and judicial authorities. As such, the history of the judicial fight against financial crime in Luxembourg is also a history of fragility. The ERC project investigates shell companies that have channeled tax evasion but also money-laundering. The fragility of judicial investigations might have also favored the use of such channels. Finally, a lot of banking surveillance agents, and more rarely financial magistrates became experts precisely because they had studied or worked in the same fields as lawyers, accountants, notaries and auditors that contribute to tax engineering at the heart of the DIGSHELL project. Joining the fight against financial crime, in this sense, made them outsiders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nAuthor(s)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Roxana PEREZ<\/a>, Visiting student<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n

\nReferences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 1. <\/sub>\n \n Pierre Lascoumes et Carla Nagels, Sociologie des \u00e9lites d\u00e9linquantes. De la criminalit\u00e9 en col blanc \u00e0 la corruption politique <\/em>(2e<\/sup> \u00e9d.), Paris, Armand Colin,2018.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 2. <\/sub>\n \n A master\u2019s thesis has started exploring some of this collection. Iona Turdean, Approaching anti-money laundering from a historical perspective: form the 1st<\/sup> anti-money laundering directive to Luxembourg, <\/em>master\u2019s thesis, 糖心Vlog, 2021.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 3. <\/sub>\n \n Surveillance, ind\u00e9pendance et int\u00e9grit\u00e9. 75e<\/sup> anniversaire du contr\u00f4le prudentiel et de la surveillance de la place financi\u00e8re au Luxembourg, <\/em>CSSF and C\u00b2DH, 2020 ; La surveillance de la place financi\u00e8re (1945-2020): une histoire in\u00e9dite! D\u2019Iwwerwaachung vun der Finanzplaz (1945-2020) \u2013 eng onerzielte Geschicht!<\/em>, Claude Lahr (dir.), 2020, [Documentary], https:\/\/www.cssf.lu\/en\/history\/ – book-and-documentary<\/a><\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 4. <\/sub>\n \n GAFI, Rapport d\u2019\u00e9valuation mutuelle, Lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme, Luxembourg<\/em>, 10 f\u00e9vrier 2010. https:\/\/www.fatf-gafi.org\/content\/dam\/fatf-gafi\/mer\/MER Luxembourg full FRE.pdf.coredownload.pdf<\/a><\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 5. <\/sub>\n \n Rapport d\u2019information d\u00e9pos\u00e9 en application de l\u2019article 145 du R\u00e8glement par la mission d\u2019information commune sur les obstacles au contr\u00f4le et \u00e0 la r\u00e9pression de la d\u00e9linquance financi\u00e8re et du blanchiment des capitaux en Europe (1)<\/em>, Tome I, Volume 5 \u2013 Le Grand-Duch\u00e9 du Luxembourg (Vincent Peillon et Arnaud Montebourg) N\u00b02311, enregistr\u00e9 le 30 mars 2000. https:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/legislatures\/11\/pdf\/rap-info\/i2311-5.pdf<\/a><\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 6. <\/sub>\n \n Archives nationale du Luxembourg (ANLux), C000016649 \u2013 Criminalit\u00e9 en mati\u00e8re financi\u00e8re 1975-1979 : Cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une section (CSSF).<\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 7. <\/sub>\n \n Gaston Diederich : AnLux – CSSF\/B3-0117<\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 8. <\/sub>\n \n Loi du 7 mars 1980 sur l\u2019organisation judiciaire.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 9. <\/sub>\n \n Aforementioned documentary.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 10. <\/sub>\n \n Renaud Van Ruymbeke, M\u00e9moires d\u2019un juge trop ind\u00e9pendant, <\/em>Paris, Editions Tallandier, 2021.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 11. <\/sub>\n \n Jean Mathias Goerens : AnLux – C000016611- Whistleblowing (1983-1988)<\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 12. <\/sub>\n \n General Assembly of the United nations. Extraordinary session, 8-10 June 1998. https:\/\/www.un.org\/french\/ga\/20special\/featur\/launder.htm<\/a><\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n 13. <\/sub>\n \n Organization chart of the economic and financial department of the parquet de Luxembourg (non-published), 2026.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n

\n
\n \n

\nMore about the research project<\/h2>\n\n
    \n
  • \n \n \n \n Digital archaeology of shell companies: infrastructures of global connections and local networks (DIGSHELL) <\/span>\n <\/use><\/svg> <\/span>\n <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n <\/div>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Does the history of the fight against financial crime in Luxembourg exist and can it be written?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":13590,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":[],"show_featured_caption":true,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false},"articles-category":[470],"articles-topic":[459],"organisation":[222,221],"authorship":[57],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDoes the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg? - C2DH EN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg? Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Does the history of the fight against financial crime in Luxembourg exist and can it be written?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"C2DH EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/c2dh.lu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-20T07:51:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/07\/10095241\/CSSF-building-4_3.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/\",\"name\":\"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg? - C2DH EN\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/07\/10095241\/CSSF-building-4_3.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-10T07:55:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-20T07:51:55+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/07\/10095241\/CSSF-building-4_3.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/07\/10095241\/CSSF-building-4_3.jpg\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":900,\"caption\":\"CSSF building in Luxembourg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C\u00b2DH)\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Articles\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/\",\"name\":\"C2DH\",\"description\":\"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History I Uni.lu\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History I 糖心Vlog\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"C\u00b2DH - 糖心Vlog I Uni.lu\",\"alternateName\":\"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/03\/03113407\/C2DH_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/03\/03113407\/C2DH_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":2560,\"caption\":\"C\u00b2DH - 糖心Vlog I Uni.lu\"},\"image\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/04\/24144314\/20200609-Belval-Campus_Henri-Goergen-23.jpg\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/c2dh.lu\",\"http:\/\/www.instagram.com\/c2dh_lu\",\"http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/showcase\/c2dh-university-of-luxembourg\"],\"email\":\"communication@uni.lu\",\"telephone\":\"+3524666441\",\"address\":{\"@type\":\"PostalAddress\",\"streetAddress\":\"11, Porte des Sciences\",\"addressLocality\":\"Esch-sur-Alzette\",\"postalCode\":\"4365\",\"addressCountry\":\"LU\"},\"description\":\"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History I Uni.lu\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg? - C2DH EN","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg? Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg?","og_description":"Does the history of the fight against financial crime in Luxembourg exist and can it be written?","og_url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/","og_site_name":"C2DH EN","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/c2dh.lu","article_modified_time":"2026-07-20T07:51:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":900,"url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/07\/10095241\/CSSF-building-4_3.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_title":"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg?","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/","name":"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg? - C2DH EN","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/07\/10095241\/CSSF-building-4_3.jpg","datePublished":"2026-07-10T07:55:56+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-20T07:51:55+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/07\/10095241\/CSSF-building-4_3.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/07\/10095241\/CSSF-building-4_3.jpg","width":1200,"height":900,"caption":"CSSF building in Luxembourg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/history-of-the-fight-against-financial-crime\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C\u00b2DH)","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Articles","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Does the history of the fight against financial crime exist in Luxembourg?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/","name":"C2DH","description":"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History I Uni.lu","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History I 糖心Vlog","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#organization","name":"C\u00b2DH - 糖心Vlog I Uni.lu","alternateName":"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/03\/03113407\/C2DH_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/03\/03113407\/C2DH_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":2560,"caption":"C\u00b2DH - 糖心Vlog I Uni.lu"},"image":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/04\/24144314\/20200609-Belval-Campus_Henri-Goergen-23.jpg","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/c2dh.lu","http:\/\/www.instagram.com\/c2dh_lu","http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/showcase\/c2dh-university-of-luxembourg"],"email":"communication@uni.lu","telephone":"+3524666441","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"11, Porte des Sciences","addressLocality":"Esch-sur-Alzette","postalCode":"4365","addressCountry":"LU"},"description":"Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History I Uni.lu"}]}},"blog_id":7,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articles\/13583"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articles"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/articles"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articles\/13583\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13634,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articles\/13583\/revisions\/13634"}],"wp:authorship":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13590"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"articles-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articles-category?post=13583"},{"taxonomy":"articles-topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articles-topic?post=13583"},{"taxonomy":"organisation","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/organisation?post=13583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}