  {"id":38255,"date":"2026-03-11T08:59:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-11T07:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/?post_type=news&#038;p=38255"},"modified":"2026-07-09T17:51:12","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T15:51:12","slug":"smarter-test-items-built-on-how-children-actually-think","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/news\/smarter-test-items-built-on-how-children-actually-think\/","title":{"rendered":"Smarter test items, built on how children actually think"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<p>Every large-scale assessment runs on a constant, huge supply of test items. Traditionally, every single one is written by a small team of experts, reviewed, and then field-tested on real students before it counts for anything &#8211; which eats up a lot of time and money. For years at LUCET we have been working on a way to build fair, high-quality maths items at scale without that overhead, using what we call <strong>cognitive item models<\/strong>: formal descriptions of the mental steps a task is meant to trigger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>In a large-scale study just published in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/08957347.2025.2563889\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Applied Measurement in Education<\/em><\/a>, we built 48 such models and used them to generate 612 language-reduced, image-based maths items for Grades 1, 3 and 5. We also built a prototype generator for this, <strong>autoMATH<\/strong> (automatic math item generator), which turns one cognitive model into many equivalent versions of an item. With data from Luxembourg&#8217;s school monitoring programme (over 35,000 students), we found that most of what makes an item hard comes down to the cognitive features we deliberately built into it: number range, carrying, or whether objects are laid out horizontally or vertically, for instance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"Philipp Sonnleitner presenting the project at Luxembourg\u2019s LuxDoc Science Slam 2025\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02142018\/IMG_0064-scaled.jpeg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02142018\/IMG_0064-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02142018\/IMG_0064-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02142018\/IMG_0064-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02142018\/IMG_0064-1024x1536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02142018\/IMG_0064-1365x2048.jpeg 1365w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02142018\/IMG_0064-scaled.jpeg 1707w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>            <p class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image-caption\">\n            Philipp Sonnleitner presenting the project at Luxembourg\u2019s LuxDoc Science Slam 2025        <\/p>\n    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--scale-down\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"Item model with six of the twelve generated and administered test items. The first row varies cognitive factors while keeping the context constant, whereas the second row varies the contextual embedding while maintaining identical cognitive characteristics\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02152144\/cognitive-model.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02152144\/cognitive-model-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02152144\/cognitive-model-709x1024.jpg 709w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02152144\/cognitive-model-768x1108.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02152144\/cognitive-model.jpg 918w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 55.00% 48.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: scale-down; object-position: 55.00% 48.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 1\/1; object-fit: scale-down; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>            <p class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image-caption\">\n            Item model with six of the twelve generated and administered test items. The first row varies cognitive factors while keeping the context constant, whereas the second row varies the contextual embedding while maintaining identical cognitive characteristics        <\/p>\n    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>This changes how item development works. It becomes more scalable and predictable, and fairer already at the point of construction. Rather than uncovering bias only after a test has run, we can check whether particular item components disadvantage certain student groups while an item is still on the drawing board. With a method we call <em>Differential Radical Functioning<\/em>, we could probe fairness across cultural and linguistic backgrounds directly at the level of item design \u2014 and found that differences by cultural background can persist even when language proficiency is accounted for.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To check that the models actually reflect what children do, we validated them empirically, among other things with <strong>eye-tracking<\/strong>, watching where young learners direct their attention as they solve a task.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>From a single score to a real learning profile<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The same cognitive models do a second job: they turn test results into <strong>diagnostic feedback<\/strong> for teachers and learners, via Cognitive Diagnostic Models (CDMs). A large-scale assessment usually gives back just one number per subject \u2014 rarely enough to know <em>what<\/em> a child can already do and <em>where<\/em> to help next.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In early numeracy (published in <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10627197.2026.2633512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Educational Assessment<\/em><\/a>), we traced how first-graders progress through four skills \u2014 counting, addition below 10, decomposition, and addition above 10 \u2014 and found a clear order: 93% could count objects, but only 36% reliably solved additions above 10. <strong>Decomposition<\/strong> emerged as a pivotal threshold skill, linked to both competence and confidence. In a follow-up with <strong>TU Dortmund<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/emip.70016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice<\/em><\/a>), hierarchical CDMs built from the same models sorted Grade 3 students into coherent, interpretable proficiency profiles that line up with how mathematical ability tends to develop.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--scale-down\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"Example feedback for a student giving information about the relative standing within the student cohort and a more detailed individual evaluation of skills mastery including strategies to improve\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02141732\/Feedbacks.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02141732\/Feedbacks-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02141732\/Feedbacks-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02141732\/Feedbacks-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/07\/02141732\/Feedbacks.png 1500w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: scale-down; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 1\/1; object-fit: scale-down; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>            <p class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image-caption\">\n            Example feedback for a student giving information about the relative standing within the student cohort and a more detailed individual evaluation of skills mastery including strategies to improve        <\/p>\n    <\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The approach is now moving into German and French reading assessment in secondary schools, where the <strong>\u00c9pStan Pre-Level 1<\/strong> pilot is designed to capture what struggling readers <em>can<\/em> do, rather than only where they fall short, giving useful feedback to the learners who need it most.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><em>Parts of this research was funded by the FNR (grant FAIR-ITEMS C19\/SC\/13650128).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":301,"featured_media":38258,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":{"x":0.85,"y":0.5},"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false},"news-category":[5,4],"news-topic":[12],"organisation":[147,170],"authorship":[301],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Smarter test items, built on how children actually think - FHSE news I 糖心Vlog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Every large-scale assessment runs on a constant, huge supply of test items. 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